Essay on The Importance of Freedom - 569 Words

The Importance of Freedom Many of us take freedom for granted. Many of us tend to forget the hardships and sacrifices our forefathers of freedom went through. Many of us fail to cherish and value our granted freedom. Many of us do not apprehend the full meaning of freedom. However, a few among the society realize the value of such a bestowment. Our Freedom today exists as of the actions of those who believed that it was a necessity to live by and disallowing it is a relic of days more barbarous than ours. But those mere sentences will never illustrate to us the hardships and rigorous tasks undertaken to give us our freedom. At a time many of our forefathers took up arms†¦show more content†¦Yet a year after these horrible events countless innocent Iraqi civilians are thrown in jails. Yet a year after these horrible events innocent Iraqi prisoners are dragged like dogs on leashes and sexually assaulted. In a desperate bid for freedom, Iraqis assembled themselves into armed militant forces. They have been ceaselessly fighting the occupational forces demanding their withdrawal. Many Iraqis support the militants’ causes because they deem foreigners to be as faceless and heartless monsters. The Iraqi people yet stand- alone in the mist of their battle for freedom and are overshadowed by the forces of evil- yet they do not give up hope. For hope is all they have. Likewise individuals in Canada fought for their freedom but they resorted to less extensive measures. The famous five- Emily Murphy, Henrietta Edwards, Louise McKinney, Irene Parlby, and Nellie McClung- fought Person’s Case peacefully. Years of petitions, campaigns, and letters were futile when the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that â€Å"persons† were males. Can you believe that at the dawn of the twentieth century women were not even considered persons! In another last bid for victory, they petitioned the Privy Council of the Britain to interpret section 24 of the British North America act. On October 18, 1929, the taste of victory was close, when aShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Freedom On Freedom816 Words   |  4 Pagespreservation; and reason bids me look on him, as an enemy to my preservation, who would take away that freedom which is the fence to it.† Locke explains that others become involved with preserving life in another in order to secure oneâ⠂¬â„¢s own liberty. Thus, it is also important to preserve liberty within mankind to keep oneself free. This idea of helping another keep one’s freedom and fight for freedom as a majority in order that all may inquire individual liberty, is depicted within the modern groupRead MoreThe Importance Of Freedom710 Words   |  3 PagesIs freedom guaranteed, or do we have to fight for it? Freedom is guaranteed, or its supposed to be. I view it as it is guaranteed, but it’s not enforced the way it should be. Fighting for rights has always been a thing, still is, and will be. In this essay I will be arguing that our freedom has been fought for repeatedly and still is such as: The Civil War for slavery, WWII for fascism, Womens rights, Trump’s ban on Trans-gender people from the military, the ban on mostly Muslim countries, blacksRead MoreThe Importance Of Freedom Of Speech979 Words   |  4 Pagesincludes the most cherished one: the freedom of speech. Freedom of speec h gives citizens the right to express their own opinions publicly without government interference, violating laws, or inciting any kind of violence or rebellion. However, the first amendment does not mean anyone can simply say whatever they want. There are several topics that are strictly scrutinized by law and there are even some situations in which freedom of speech is lawfully restricted. Freedom of speech is an extremely importantRead MoreImportance Of Freedom Of Speech1455 Words   |  6 Pageswrong. It is in these moments of confrontation that the importance of free speech becomes essential to finding a resolution that fits the needs and wants of the majority without disregarding the basic human rights of the minority being represented. Free speech should have limits; this includes the use of inappropriate personal attacks, un-related subject matter/ lying, and inciting violence against others for their opinions and beliefs. Freedom of speech is one of the most important rights in societyRead MoreThe Importance Of Religious Freedom703 Words   |  3 PagesThe Importance of Religious Freedom in America What does it mean to be free? The Oxford English Dictionary says, â€Å"The power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants.† Remember it says we can ACT, SPEAK, and THINK as we want. Now, what does Religious Freedom mean? According to dictionary.com â€Å"The right to choose a religion (or no religion) without interference by the government.† At first glance, these two definitions may seem to have next to nothing in common, but upon closer examination theseRead MoreThe Importance Of Freedom In America1256 Words   |  6 PagesFreedom has been present in American literature and American history ever since this country was formed. Ever since the colonists declared independence from England, freedom has been the staple of America and it continues to be as many people leave their homes and come to our country just to seek it. The Declaration of Independence started the need for freedom and later documents such as What Is The Fourth of July to a Negro continued the pr ospect of everyone deserving freedom in America. EveryoneRead MoreThe Importance Of Religious Freedom1256 Words   |  6 Pages The Importance of Religious Freedom Over a thousand years ago, a small Catholic parish waited nervously. There were at least a hundred among them. They were openly Christian, Catholic individuals. They waited in the bottom of a Roman stadium, prevented from entering the main ring by a metal gate. On the other side of this gate lurked various vicious animals and gladiators. These Catholic individuals were about to be slaughtered for their faith. They were indeed anxious—loved ones said theirRead MoreThe Importance Of Freedom In The Tempest1512 Words   |  7 PagesFreedom is an important topic of conversation in today’s society, continuing to be fought for within our own civilization as well as many others to this day. Americans value their freedom and celebrate it at every chance given, holidays and veterans honored more than ever for their importance. Freedom is still only bestowed upon the people as a privilege rather than a right; freedom can be fairly stripped from an individual whenever the s ituation deems it necessary in most societies including theRead MoreThe Importance Of Freedom Of Speech1192 Words   |  5 Pages The first amendment of the United States’ Bill of Rights states â€Å"Congress shall make no law... prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech,†. Freedom of speech tends to be the most appreciated part of this amendment, while also causing the most anger. Most hate speech is protected under it, causing loads of controversy of the years. If the speech is not active fighting words threatening the livelihood of somebody, you’re allowed to say whatever you want. A landmarkRead MoreThe Importance Of Freedom Of Speech878 Words   |  4 PagesFreedom of speech is a basic fundamental human right. Whether or not on a college campus, people (especially college students) should have the right to speak freely. Everyone does have the right to speak freely, because it is one of the twenty-seven amendments. Colleges all around the United States are now home to many restrictions on free speech. For example, the idea and use of â€Å"free speech zones† has made its way to colleges everywhere. A â€Å"free speech zone† is a sidewalk sized place where students

Culture and Structure - 1270 Words

Some form of organizational culture and structure exist in every organization. Successful organizations are often credited with having an appropriate organizational culture and/or structure in place that allows them to reach success. Many companies can believe that they have the needed structure in place to assure success; yet they fail where others succeed. Some work very well, and some just do not work at all. For any organizational culture and structure to function properly, it seems as though alignment within the organization towards these end goals is necessary. In organizations, upper management determines the company vision (its desired end state) as well as its mission and strategy to achieve this ultimate goal. The ability of an†¦show more content†¦As the organization s culture matures, employees will learn the pivotal values and norms from the organization s formal socialization practices and from the signs, symbols, stories, rites, ceremonies and organizational l anguage that develop informally. Organizational culture is shaped by the interaction of four main factors: the personal and professional characteristics of people within the organization, organizational ethics, the nature of employment relationship, and the design of its organizational structure. These factors work together to produce different cultures in different organizations and cause changes in culture over time. Green River s culture can change if it alters its organizational structure and empower self-managed teams. Mechanistic structures give rise to very different sets of norms, rules and cultural values than do organic structures. In a flat decentralized structure, people have more freedom to choose and control their own activities, and desirable instrumental values include being creative or courageous and taking risks. Thus, an organic structure is likely to give rise to a culture in which innovation and flexibility are desired terminal values (George Jones, p.547). For a change initiative to be successful, careful consideration, long-range planning, which includes an informedShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Structure and Culture661 Words   |  3 PagesOrganizational Structure and Culture Introduction In this week’s assignment we will be looking at organizational structure and organizational culture. We will first look at how organizational culture impacts organizational structure and vice versa. Then look at how organizational structure interacts and impacts the organization’s decision process. Organizational Cultures Impact on Organizational Structure The first part of this week’s assignment was to look at how organizational structure impacts organizationalRead MorePower Structures And Culture : Power Structure946 Words   |  4 PagesPower Structures and Culture Power structures help shape culture as culture helps shape powers structures as well. Culture is the way someone lives and goes about the things in their life that is built by ancestors and passed down from generation to generation. Power structure is the way the power is distributed through the culture, which is usually decided by a select group who hold influential positions in government. One of the oldest is the power structure of white superiority and white culturesRead MoreOrganizational Culture and Structure1134 Words   |  5 Pages Organizational Culture and Structure The structure of an organization determines the allocation of roles, regulations, and responsibilities, and therefore builds a basis for the culture in an organization. There is a constant relationship between organizational structure and organizational culture that provides a theme within an organization. Both can be difficult to clearly define and distinguish when analyzing an organization. Organization culture is a perspective into the company’sRead MoreOrganizational Culture and Structure965 Words   |  4 PagesORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE STRUCTURE Outline Prepared By: Marnela Kathleen V. Pasamba, RN MSN I I. Organizational Culture A. Definitions 1. Gareth Morgan: set of beliefs, values and norms, together with symbols like dramatized events and personalities, that represents the unique character of the organization and provides the context for action in it and by it. 2. Edgar Schein: a pattern of shared basic assumptions that the group has learned as it solved its problems that has worked wellRead MoreStructure And Culture Of Toyota1276 Words   |  6 PagesStructure and Culture Structure Toyota manufactures vehicles in 27 different countries and sells its product over 190 different countries under five brands; Toyota, Hino, Lexus, Ranz and Daihatsu. The organization structure of Toyota Motor Corporation is based upon the numerous business operations carried out by the company all across the world. The company has implemented a divisional organizational structure empower flexibility and changes in the market. It supports its business goal and strategicRead MoreOrganizational Structure and Culture1163 Words   |  5 PagesOrganizational structure can be defined as the establishment of authority and responsibilities between different positions in the company. It can be either horizontal or vertical. Organization structure also facilitates transparency in the organization (Luthans, 1998). My organization is Saint Joseph’s Hospital, which is a leading magnet facility here in Atlanta Georgia. Saint Joseph s was the first hospital in the Southeast to perform open h eart surgery, the first to develop a cardiac cath labRead MoreThe Organizational Structures And Culture2323 Words   |  10 Pages1.1Different organisational structures and culture Every business needs to organise its activities and a defined structure enables them do it well. For example, every area of the business knows what they are supposed to do and when to do it. In addition, they know who to report to with the aid of a good structure. On the other hand, organisational culture is something that is not tangible but can be observed in the way people do the things they do and in the way they treat one another and theirRead MoreOrganisation structure and culture12542 Words   |  51 PagesC04_ICSA_STUDY_TEXT_STRAT_OPS_MAN.QXD:ICSA chapter 18/6/09 10:49 Page 111 4 The organisation – structure and culture contents 1 2 3 4 What determines organisational form? Organisational structure What is organisational culture? 5 6 Creating and sustaining culture Organisational culture and national culture The importance of culture learning outcomes As organisations seek to compete in ever-changing environments, they need to adapt and develop to takeRead MoreOrganization Structure and Culture3859 Words   |  16 PagesOrganizational Structures and Culture By Duncan Roy Wood Submitted to Dr David Chu Contents Title page Introduction 1. Organisational Structure and Culture 1. Compare and Contrast Organisational Structure 2. Relationship between an Organisation’s Structure and Culture and Effects on Business Performance 3. Factors that Influence Individual Behaviour at Work 2. ApproachesRead MoreOrganizational Structure and Culture1802 Words   |  8 PagesOrganizational Structure and Culture Marsha Ruckle Senior Practicum/492 May 13, 2013 Janice Cochran Organizational Structure and Culture Every facility has an authority structure within the organization that is the foundation for the oversight of delegating processes and expected outcomes. Without structure there is a potential for chaos to ensue, communication to be inhibited, thereby preventing goals from getting accomplished. Organizational structure is an important

The Reasons of Tracey J for his Decision-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Examine and Discuss the reasons of Tracey J for his Decision and the Implications of this Case in relation to valid visa applications also Explain and discuss the Principles of statutory Interpretation adopted by Tracey J. Answer: The reasons of Tracey J for his decision In this case,[1] it was acknowledged by the appellant that the application made by her for Skilled Migration Visa had not been made through the methods described in item 1229(3)(a). She stated that instead she had used an alternative method as she was frustrated in her attempts to file the application to the Internet. She further stated that the methods of making the application that have been mentioned in 1229(3)(a) should not be considered as an exhaustive method. In the same way, it was accepted by all parties that the applicable principle of statutory interpretation that needs to be applied by the Court was the one that has been mentioned by McHugh, Kirby, Gummow and Hayne JJ in Project Blue Sky.[2] Therefore, while deciding the validity of an act that has been done in violation of the statutory provision, it is possible for the court to focus on wrong factors if it is asked if compliance with the provision is directory or mandatory and if it is directory, whether significant compliance is present with such provision. A better test to decide the issue of validity is to consider if it was the invention of the legislation that an act in breach of provision should be invalid. While deciding the question of purpose or intention of the legislation, the language of the relevant provision needs to be considered as well as the scope and objectives of the overall statute. The implications of this case in relation to valid visa applications In the present case, the court noted that the form of application has been provided for by the regulators. However, the form is necessarily imported in the provisions of the legislation to which reference is made. And as a result, it is not possible to speak of the former in the form of a subsidiary to the latter in the way that their can be significant compliance with the legislation even if it does not comply with the requirement which provides for the use of approved form as mentioned in Hunter Resources Limited v Melville[3] by Dawson J. Therefore, in the opinion of the Court in the present case, it becomes apparent after a reading of these provisions that the only way in which an applicant can obtain a visa of a particular class is for an application that has to be made for such visa on form 866. If this requirement is not fulfilled, there is no valid application and the Minister cannot consider such an application. This conclusion is also supported by the Note preceding the Schedule to the Migration Regulations in which it has been mentioned that, this schedule sets out the specific ways through which the non-citizens may apply for a particular class of visa. An application that has not been made as prescribed in the Schedule will not be considered as well and therefore will not be considered. The court further added that in view of the statutory provisions, the court did not consider anything short of use being made on Form 866 as amounting to an application. No room has been left by the statute regarding the concept of a constructive application or the substantial compliance with the provisions for the form through the thunder that falls short of the use of prescribed form. The legislation has made it efficiently clear that an application that has been made by using Form 866 is the only way to which these matters may come for consideration before the Minister and to validly activate the powers of the Minister in this regard. Therefore in the opinion of the Court, the result of this requirement is that the prescription of form is one of substance and it cannot be described as a merely procedural requirement. The principles of statutory interpretation adopted by Tracey J While applying the principles of statutory interpretation, the court noted that it has been provided by section 25C[4] that when a form has been prescribed by an Act, then in such a case, unless there appears to be a contrary intention, it is not necessary to have strict compliance with the form and substantial compliance is enough. In the opinion of the Court, the secretary provisions which prescribed an application form as necessary precondition for validating an application and the powers of the minister to resolve the application revealed a relevant contrary intention of the legislature. As the legislature had mandated that the use of an application will be a precondition to be a valid application, if the form is not used by the applicant, such applicant cannot start the journey of providing the prerequisite entry to the consideration of such an application by the Minister. The court noted the fact that the use of the words, 'if, and only if' by the legislature does not need in all the circumstances that these words should be considered to mean, 'but not otherwise'. When the former words have been used by the Legislature in order to provide in the legislation that the company is to be considered to have ceased to carry on business or not in a position to pay its debts 'if, and only if' certain matters have been satisfied, it was held by the court that it cannot have the intention of creating an absolute statutory presumption instead of a rebuttable presumption.[5] Therefore in context of the present case, when the legislature is mainly concerned with defining the circumstances which decide the validity of the application and to relate this validated with the exercise of decision-making powers by the Minister, it does not appear that any reasons are present to break down the effect of the words, 'if and only if'. Hence, the court stated that these provisions make it clear that the only way in which the visa of a particular class can be obtained is by making an application for it on Form 866. Bibliography Cooper Sargon (1991) 5 WAR 472 Hunter Resources Limited v Melville (1988) HCA 5 Muradzi v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship (2011) 250 FLR 201Project Blue Sky v Australian Broadcasting Authority [1998] HCA 28 Section 25C, Acts Interpretation Act, 1901 (Cth) Muradzi v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship (2011) 250 FLR 201 Project Blue Sky v Australian Broadcasting Authority [1998] HCA 28 Hunter Resources Limited v Melville - [1988] HCA 5 section 25C, Acts Interpretation Act, 1901 (Cth) Cooper Sargon (1991) 5 WAR 472

Who Invented Writing and What It’s Becoming

If you want the super-detailed high-brow answer to who invented writing equipped with links to volumes of collegiate historical data, then by all means visit the Wikipedia entry. Otherwise, this article is designed to provide a more concise view and then get straight to the modern conceptions of writing. We’ll begin by defining writing as symbols (letters/words) that are used to convey something. With that said it becomes clear we could go all the way back to the first cave dweller to draw on the cave wall, or in the mud. How did it happen? Was it the protein in our diets, ancient astronauts, cold Darwinian evolution or benevolent Gods? Let’s try not to get lost in abstraction too soon. Writing happened because over a really long period of time humans developed a more and more complex way to communicate with one another. We developed writing systems so that more people could talk to each other in an easier to understand and efficient way. Writing began as utility. What Writing Is Transforming Into Now, here we are in the very early 21st century technological era. First graders today have a completely unique view of what writing and human communication is. Books have become eBooks. Reading is now synonymous with browsing, web surfing and eReading. An increasing portion of all global communication happens in a digital realm. Facebook updates can change lives or begin careers, while Tweets can start or stop social revolutions. Most human beings are bombarded by advertising and marketing signals over a hundred times a day in tons of different forms. The first thing many millennial folks imagine when the subject of writing is brought up is the blogosphere. Were headed towards a near future where one single search engine company commands and acts as the gatekeeper to the brunt of human knowledge. Where the first place the new generations turn to for answers? How People Become Writers Today Think back just 10 short years ago, maybe even less and consider what it was like to become an officially recognized, published and professional writer. Right now, if you wanted to you could open up a word processor, jot out page after page of nonsense, slap a snazzy cover image on it and self-publish it on Amazon as an ebook. Then, you could call yourself an ebook writer. You could set up a blog, start blogging and call yourself a blogger. The titles was recently used in the halls of the US Senate and White House. You could sign up for free to any of the online freelancing websites and call yourself a copywriter. You could hop online and study endlessly on how to be a writer for absolutely no cost from your bedroom, or on a beach somewhere using a laptop and a wireless connection. Ivy league college now offer advanced â€Å"open-source† writing classes. Is traditional or conventional education even required anymore to be considered a writer? Are writing classes even necessary? You could call yourself a social media writer and compose updates, tweets and blog comments for people and businesses. What a writer is now and is becoming is a completely new and unique thing from any other time in human history. You could publish something online, that should it go viral, would possibly be read by people across the globe within minutes, or hours. The Emergence of Viral Writing To get an inside perspective of where modern writing is headed, we need only look at it from the standpoint of professional web writers. A new profession really, that’s only just begun to spread. However, already the demand for folks that write specifically for web-audiences is prolific. They don’t need to have any classical writing education whatsoever. In fact, these days it’s uncommon for celebrated web writers to mention their educations at all. The primary goals of their writing is to sell, inform and entertain but many of the conventional rules of writing no longer apply. Standard web articles are meant to be easy to scan, and present comparatively bite-size chunks of data. Non-fiction is shrinking at a rapid rate. The majority of people who buy non-fiction online get them in small packages roughly 10-25,000 words which not long ago would have been the average length of a single chapter. The history of writing and where it’s going is an incredibly complex subject. Right now there’s an extreme lack of attention being given to how writing is transforming. And, along with it, us. What will people think of writing in 2020? What will it mean to be one at that time? With video and mobile technology advancing so quickly, will there come a time when the written, or textual word is irrelevant?

Preventing Pet Theft for Cruel Purposes

Preventing Pet Theft for Cruel Purposes Organized pet thieves steal cats and dogs for two main purposes- to use as bait in dogfighting and to sell to laboratories through B dealers. Because pet theft is illegal, it is difficult to estimate the number of animals involved, but it is believed to be in the tens of thousands annually. How Are Cats and Dogs Stolen? Cats and dogs can be stolen from front yards, backyards, cars, streets, or sidewalks when the guardian goes into a store and leaves the dog tied up outside. Another popular way to steal cats and dogs is to answer free to a good home ads. The thief answers the ad, pretending to want to adopt the animal. Later, the animal is sold to a laboratory or used as bait in dogfighting. To prevent pet theft and for other reasons, it is important to always charge an adoption fee and to never give an animal away to a stranger for free. Even though the animal was given away for free, obtaining the animal in this way, under false pretenses, can be considered theft by deception which is a crime. B Dealers - Selling Animals to Laboratories B Dealers are animal dealers licensed under the Animal Welfare Act (7 U.S.C.  §2131) to sell dogs and cats commercially, including to laboratories. The regulations adopted under the AWA can be found at 9 C.F.R. 1.1, where Class B Licensee is defined as a dealer whose business includes the purchase and/or resale of any animal. This term includes brokers, and operators of an auction sale, as such individuals negotiate or arrange for the purchase, sale, or transport of animals in commerce. Class A Licensees are breeders, while Class C Licensees are exhibitors. B dealers are random source dealers who do not breed animals themselves. To prevent fraud and pet theft, B dealers are allowed to obtain dogs and cats only from other licensed dealers and from animal pounds or shelters. Under 9 C.F.R.  § 2.132, B dealers are not allowed to obtained animals by use of false pretenses, misrepresentation, or deception. B dealers are required to maintain accurate and complete records, including records on [h]ow, where from whom, and when the dog or cat was obtained. B dealers often work with bunchers who do the actual stealing in a pet theft ring. Despite federal regulations and record-keeping requirements, pet theft rings regularly steal animals in various ways and resell them to laboratories. Records are easily falsified, and animals are often transported across state lines to minimize the chances of someone finding their stolen pet. The American Anti-Vivisection Society lists B dealers and their Animal Welfare Act violations. In one notorious case, B dealer C.C. Baird lost his license and was fined $262,700, as a result of an investigation by Last Chance for Animals. LCA is the leading organization in the U.S. raising awareness about B dealers. The USDA maintains a list of licensed B dealers, organized by state. Keep in mind that not all B dealers sell stolen animals to laboratories, and most sell animals as part of the legal animal trade. Bait Animals for Dogfighting Cats, dogs and  even rabbits can be stolen and used as bait in dogfighting. In a dogfight, two dogs are put together in an enclosure and fight to the death or until one can no longer continue. Audience members bet on the outcome, and thousands of dollars can change hands at a single dogfight. Dogfighting is illegal in all 50 states but is thriving among both professional dogfighters and thrill-seeking teenagers. The bait animals are used to test or train a dog to be as vicious and aggressive as possible. What You Can Do The Pet Safety and Protection Act of 2011, H.R. 2256, would prohibit B dealers from selling animals for use in research. LCA urges everyone to contact their federal legislators, in support of the bill. You can look up your representative on the House of Representatives website, while your senators can be found on the official Senate website. Find out more about the bill from the LCA website. To prevent pet theft, microchip your animals and never leave your animal unattended outside. This is common sense protection not only from pet theft but also from predators, exposure, and other threats. You can learn more about pet theft and B dealers from Last Chance for Animals, including more ways to fight pet theft by B dealers. Pet Theft and Animal Rights From an animal rights standpoint, pet theft is a tragedy, but using any animal for dogfighting or for vivisection violates the animals rights, regardless of whether the animal was stolen or used to be a pet.

Understanding Political Process Theory

Understanding Political Process Theory Also known as political opportunity theory, political process theory offers an explanation of the conditions, mindset, and actions that make a social movement successful in achieving its goals. According to this theory, political opportunities for change must first be present before a movement can achieve its objectives. Following that, the movement ultimately attempts to make change through the existing political structure and processes. Overview Political process theory (PPT) is considered the core theory of social movements and how they mobilize (work to create change). It was developed by  sociologists in the U.S. during the 1970s and 80s, in response to the Civil Rights, anti-war, and student movements of the 1960s. Sociologist Douglas McAdam, now a professor at Stanford University, is credited with first developing this theory via his study of the Black Civil Rights movement (see his book  Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930-1970, published in 1982). Prior to the development of this theory, social scientists viewed members of social movements as irrational and crazed and framed them as deviants rather than political actors. Developed through careful research, political process theory disrupted that view and exposed its troubling elitist, racist, and patriarchal roots. Resource mobilization theory similarly offers an alternative view to this classical one. Since McAdam published his book outlining the theory, revisions to it have been made by him and other sociologists, so today it differs from McAdams original articulation.  As sociologist Neal Caren describes in his entry on the theory in the  Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology, political process theory outlines five key components that determine the success or failure of a social movement: political opportunities, mobilizing structures, framing processes,  protest cycles, and contentious repertoires. Political opportunities  are the most important aspect of PPT, because according to the theory, without them, success for a social movement is impossible. Political opportunitiesor opportunities for intervention and change within the existing political systemexist when the system experiences vulnerabilities. Vulnerabilities in the system can arise for a variety of reasons but hinge on a crisis of legitimacy wherein the populace no longer supports the social and economic conditions fostered or maintained by the system. Opportunities might be driven by  the broadening of political enfranchisement to those previously excluded (like women and people of color, historically speaking), divisions among leaders, increasing diversity within political bodies and the electorate, and a loosening of repressive structures that previously kept people from demanding change.Mobilizing structures  refer to the  already existing organizations (political or otherwise) that are present among the c ommunity that wants change. These organizations serve as mobilizing structures for a social movement by providing membership, leadership, and communication and social networks to the budding movement. Examples include churches, community and nonprofit organizations, and student groups and schools, to name a few. Framing processes are carried out by leaders of an organization in order to allow the group or movement to  clearly and persuasively describe the existing problems, articulate why change is necessary, what changes are desired, and how one can go about achieving them. Framing processes foster the ideological buy-in among movement members, members of the political establishment, and the public at large that is necessary for a social movement to seize political opportunities and make change. McAdam and colleagues describe framing as conscious strategic efforts by groups of people to fashion shared understandings of the world and of themselves that legitimate and motivate collective action (see Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framing  [1996]).Protest cycles  are another important aspect of social movement success according to PPT. A protest cycle is a prolonged  period of time when opposition to the politi cal system and acts of protest are in a heightened state. Within this theoretical perspective, protests are important expressions of the views and demands of the mobilizing structures connected to the movement and are vehicles to express the ideological frames connected to the framing process. As such, protests serve to strengthen solidarity within the movement, to raise awareness among the general public about the issues targeted by the movement, and also serve to help recruit new members. The fifth and final aspect of PPT is contentious repertoires, which refers to the set of means through which the movement makes its claims. These typically include strikes, demonstrations (protests), and  petitions. According to PPT, when all of these elements are present, it is possible that a social movement will be able to make changes within the existing political system that will reflect the desired outcome. Key Figures There are many sociologists who study social movements, but key figures who helped create and refine PPT include Charles Tilly,  Peter Eisinger, Sidney Tarrow, David Snow, David Meyer, and Douglas McAdam. Recommended Reading To learn more about PPT see the following resources: From Mobilization to Revolution  (1978), by Charles Tilly.Political Process Theory,  Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology, by Neal Caren (2007).Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency,  (1982) by Douglas McAdam.Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framing  (1996), by Douglas McAdam and colleagues. Updated  by Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.

International Finance (Compare between the current rate and The Essay

International Finance (Compare between the current rate and The temporal method) - Essay Example Thus, the use of the current rate method and the temporal method of foreign exchange come into play. This paper looks at the each of the two methods and compares them. The current rate method involves the conversion of foreign currencies, Items on balance sheets and income statements at the exchange rate that is current (Investopedia, 2009), hence the name. On the other hand, the temporal method converts the same based on time (Investopedia, 2009). That is to say, if an item is valued at the market cost then the current market rate is used and if it is valued at historical cost then the historical rate is used to translate the value of said item. Of these two methods, the current rate method is the more popular. This is because unlike the temporal method, which is constantly changing, this method is more static and has only one variable, which is the current exchange rate. Also rather than recording profits and losses associated with the conversion in the net income, it is recorded and presented in a reverse account. This creates simplicity in the interpretation of the earnings. The temporal method combines the two, losses/profits, and net income thus causing the volatility of the earnings expected From the above, there is a clear advantage in the use of the current rate method as it provides more accurate and static results trough separation of net income from the losses and profits compared to the temporal method, which consolidates losses/profits with the net income. Also current rate method depends only on the current exchange rate while the temporal method relays on the current or historical market depending on the nature of the value of the

Analysis of American Psycho Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Analysis of American Psycho - Essay Example However, competition is inevitable when many men are together. It can occur over simple matter or it can also occur over more important aspects such as leadership. In Bateman’s world, the worth of a man is defined by the quality and prestige of a business card. This makes a lot of sense: since representatives of this group can through money into each other, figuratively speaking, they agreed on the idea that a business card should become a representative of its holder. That is why every man around Bateman is concerned with making his card better than others. This is what gives the plot the initial development: the main character is outraged when he learns that one of his friends has a better card than he does. What is more important is that the above mentioned closely connected world of successful men is reinforced with a handful of notions that are widely promoted. One of them is homophobia (Sedgwick 51). For example, Luis Carruthers misinterprets one of the actions of Batema n and declares his love for him, but the latter rejects him in disgust. This scene is extremely important since it puts emphasis on two aspects. First of all, Carruthers who is supposedly gay had to conceal his true identity because of the fear that others would condemn him which is the metaphorical closet (Sedgwick 50). In addition to that, when he speaks out his true feelings Bateman, being an average representative of this high-end part of the population, rejects him, suggesting that homophobia is a norm in this environment.

Creation of American Tradition Essay Example for Free

Creation of American Tradition Essay Folklore was first utilized by William Thoms, an English antiquarian in 1846, which is defined as a body of expressive culture such as music, tales, dance, oral history, legends, customs, traditions, rituals, popular beliefs, jokes and many more within a specific population comprising the traditions of the culture, group or sub-culture (Georges, 1995). Traditions are standards or principle revered and followed by people from generation to generation which come from a Latin word traditio meaning to’ hand over’ or to ‘hand down’, and is utilized in many ways in the English Language such as customs or beliefs educated by one generation to the other which is often orally, a complex movement in religion composed of church bodies or religious denominations which have common customs, history, culture like in Islam’s Sufi tradition, and lastly, or a set of practices or customs like Christmas traditions ad the likes. Tradition is also defined as a custom, or a practice that is remembered and transferred down from one generation to the other generation and is initially without the necessity for a writing system. Traditions are mostly primeval, deeply essential, and unchangeable, but it may sometimes less normal than is expected, and some traditions were forcibly made for one or another which is often to enhance a certain institution’s importance, and it is also said to be or may also be changed to go with the necessity for the day, and can become accepted as an ancient tradition’s part. Some traditions disappear while some are altered or changed to suit to what is acceptable. Tradition could be conceptualized as repetition across space as well as time (Bronner, 2002). Appropriate to the emergence of a genuine, renewable folklore, the feature of space allowed for an oral tradition that had moved across the landscape, even in one generation, rather than having persisted through many (Bronner, 2002). Rituals are a set of actions which is often thought to have a symbolic value and the routine of which is commonly prescribed by traditions or by a religion of a community by political or religious laws. Rituals may be done on specific occasions, or on regular intervals, or at the judgment of communities or individuals which may be performed by a group, a single individual, or by the whole community in places specially allocated for it such as in private or in public, or before specific persons. Rituals purpose varies and they include satisfaction of emotional or spiritual need of the practitioner, compliance with religious ideals or obligations, strengthening of social bonds, stating one’s affiliation, demonstration of submission or respect, having approval or acceptance for some event, or for the pleasure on the ritual. Rituals are of many kinds and are always a feature of all human societies, including activities that are performed for solid purposes, or even saying hi or hello or hand-shaking. Systems of myth, rituals, feast, sacred customs, games, songs, tales, exist in such profusion that volumes would be required to contain the lore of each separate tribe (Bronner, 2002). As the verbal form used for naming these rituals suggest, which could be translated as the action of the heart, these rituals aim to acquire enhancement in the perception capacities attributed to this organ in order to confront life’s challenges. The most widely distributed rituals mark basic and irreversible turning points in life common to men everywhere. Without distinction of race or creed people everywhere are born, grow maturity, and eventually die. So universally we find birth and naming rituals, rituals marking the attainment of adulthood, weddings and funerals. Here, put at its simplest, we can see the rituals oils the wheels of life as the individual moves through the human life cycle from the cradle to grave (Lewis, 2003). References Bronner, S. J. (2002). FolkNation: Folklore In the Creation of American Tradition. New York: Rowman Littlefield. Georges, R. A. , Jones, M. O. (1995). Folkloristics: An Introduction. New York: Indiana University Press. Lewis, I. M. (2003). Social Cultural Anthropology in Perspective. New York: Transactions Publishers.

Choroidal Neovascularization :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Choroidal Neovascularization If you had to give up one of your five senses, which would it be? Would you give up your ability to see? A startling number of people lose their eyesight due to an eye disorder known as choroidal neovascularization. And soon I may be one of them. Although there is no known cure for this unfortunate disease, studies have been conducted to find the appropriate surgical treatment. The outer portion of the 2.5 cm human eye is composed of three primary layers of tissue. The outermost layer is called the sclera, which acts as a protective coating. Within this layer the transparent cornea is present in the front area of the eyeball. Under the sclera is the choroid where the majority of blood vessels and the iris are located. The light-sensitive layer is known as the retina. As mentioned, the choroid contains most of the eyeball's blood vessels. It is also the layer prone to bacterial and secondary infections. Choroidal neovascularization is a process in which new blood vessels grow in the choroid, through the Bruch membrane and invade the subretinal space. Because there is currently no medical treatment for this disease this abnormal growth can easily lead to the impairment of sight or complete loss of vision. Three main diseases that cause choroidal neovascularization are age-related macular degeneration, myopia and ocular trauma. The Wisconsin Beaver Dam Study showed that 1.2% of 43-86 year old adults with age-related macular degeneration developed choroidal neovascularization. The study also proved that choroidal neovascularization was caused by myopia in 5-10% of myopes. Ocular trauma, another cause of choroidal neovascularization, is for reasons unknown found more often in males than females. More than 50 eye diseases have been linked to the formation of choroidal neovascularization. Even though most of these causes are idiopathic, among the known causes are related to degeneration, infections, choroidal tumors and or trauma. Among soft contact lens wearers choroidal neovascularization can be caused by the lack of oxygen to the eyeball. Unlike age-related macular degeneration, age is irrelevant to this cause. Although no medical treatments have proven to be a cure for choroidal neovascularization, particular antiangiogenic substances such as thalidomide, angiostatic steroid, and metalloproteinase inhibitors are currently being tested. Through surgical testing, partial removal of choroidal neovascularization proved to be useless. Therefore the focus has been placed on photodynamic therapy, a procedure approved by the Food and Drug Administration.

Anthem – Ayn Rand

Anthem by Ayn Rand is a disturbing book. It is disturbing in the sense that it opens the reader eyes to a world without individuals. A world without the notion of me, my, I, but only with us, we, ours. This world is one of a collectivist society. Collectivism is based on principals of the â€Å"common good. † Everyone pitched in towards this common good, but in order to do that society could not have any out-liers. Thus, individual rights were taken away. This story is one of hope that shows that no matter the situation the human spirit will continue to fight for itself. There are many strong quotes in this book that further the image of the collective society and show how one young man, Equality 7-2521 fights in his own mind against what society tells him. These images connect the book with outside ideas by not only telling the reader what happens when collectivism goes to far, but by showing the reader what a collective society would look like. One such quote is â€Å"The only thing which taught us joy were the power we created in our wires, and The Golden One. This passage is very significant. The reason being Equality 7-2521 realizes that he does not find joy in society. He finds that he has received joy by his own doing and the choice he has to love one other person. It says in the book that it was considered a sin to look at a person of the opposite sex, but when Equality sees the Golden One he can not help himself. He starts to think that society is wrong. Equality does not understand how society could find the relationship he has with The Golden One sinful. It was one of those â€Å"if this is wrong, I don't want to be right† moments. Equality starts forming his own opinions about life apart from society's opinions. He comes to this realization by remembering how unhappy his childhood was because when he went to school he was whipped for being smarter than the others, and he recalled he had never been truly happy†¦ until now. He sees the connection between breaking the law, and finding happiness and realizes that maybe society isn't as omnipotent as he was taught it was. He found joy in his wires. Like a father beaming with pride for his son , Equality found an inner-joy from his creation that he had never felt before. His life up until this point had been full of oppression, and of being punished for qualities that would be praised in a normal society such as being smart, and handsome. Equality's glass box and wires are something he decided society could not take away from him not matter what. This is the first time Equality had felt true independent and he is not about to give it up. This is the first time he has gone against the grain. He chose to make the wire. He made it all by himself, not him along with 99 other people. This is the first thread of individualism that he lets shine through. It is crucially important because in order for change to occur Equality must separate himself from society completely. If Equality kept depending on society like he was then his life would simply drudge on, and his thirst for something new and exciting would never be quenched. This joy he has found in the Golden One and in his wires will drive him to take a huge leap of faith, and not be afraid to try to make it on his own. They give him the security he needs to trust in himself. The society that Equality lives in is a collectivist society. In collectivism one gives up their rights as an individual for the good of the whole. That sounds innocent enough, but when Ayn Rand takes it to an extreme it seems horrible. At one point in the novel Similarity 5-0306 states, â€Å"Men have no cause to exist save in toiling for other men. † The quote taps into the very root of collectivism and could not be clearer. The people of this society had been taught that theme from a very young age. They were taught that they were worth nothing unless â€Å"brother men† needed them. They had no right to exist on their own, that right was taken away the second it became a collectivist society. The reader saw this quote come to life through the everyday life of Equality 7-2521. He is a street sweeper who goes along everyday, all day and cleans the streets for the other people. He picks up all the trash on the streets in front of other people's businesses. And in return, all of the street sweepers are provided with food, clothes, and other necessities. Another huge point is that the society does not use money. This means they have a direct service for service system. Which means that if one wanted clothes in the society, they would need to perform a service for the tailor. Likewise, if the tailor wanted a clean street he would need to make togas for the street sweepers. Everyone is so dependent on each other that they know they can not survive in this society on their own. â€Å"The glass box in our arms, is like a living heart that gives us strength. We have lied to ourselves. We have not built the box for the good of our brothers. † This quote gives us an idea of where Equality got his courage. It took so much courage for him to break out of the detention center and go to the House of the Scholars. It took courage for him to leave into the uncharted forest, determined to find someplace he could call home. This quote is when Equality realizes that the wires he made are more than raw materials, and more then an invention, they are worth his life. They have become not only a beating heart but his heart. He knows that this is what he was living for, this forbidden something that he cannot name yet-Independence. By the rejection of his box, society pushed Equality to do what he has secretly always wanted to do†¦ leave. All of these quotes show the principals of collectivism, which was the main theme running throughout Anthem. Ayn Rand drives in the point that collectivism, although seemingly innocent squashes out any room for development in a society. She also shows the reader how the human spirit is not easily overcome.

Analysis of a Dream Deferred by Langston Hughes Essay

This poem by Langston Hughes is a very complicated. In it the speaker paints a picture of what might happen to someone’s dream if it is postponed too long. This idea is the overall theme of the poem and it is what unifies and connects each line to the poem as a whole. There are also indirect references that this is not only the dream of an individual, but an entire race’s struggle to achieve peace and liberation. This poem consists of a series of answers to the question, â€Å"What happens to a dream deferred?† All of the lines following this first question are presented as different similes. The first line of this poem is the most crucial because it develops and sets the direction for the poem itself. It makes the reader think about what happens to a dream when you put it aside for an uncertain amount of time. It is not referring to the dreams someone might have when they are asleep, but rather the goals they have set out for themselves and wish to accomplish. The poem does not choose or assign a dream to the individual or group, but leaves it up to the reader to decide what they feel is important to them. There are two levels of interpretation that can be seen at this point in time. There is the dream of the individual person and what they wish to achieve themselves. There is also the dream of an entire race and what they hope to achieve as a group. The word â€Å"deferred† was a wonderful way to articulate the idea of a postponed and possibly overdue dream. This line is followed by a series of rhetorical questions that indirectly answer themselves. The speaker firmly states the idea that delaying any dream could lead to damaging effects. Each line describes what these destructive effects and to what end it could lead. The second line asks if the dream dries up â€Å"Like a raisin in the sun.† This metaphor of a dream as a raisin forces the reader to think about the changes that might occur to a dream if it is left alone too long. Does it dry up and wither away? Even though a raisin is already dried, if it is left out in the sun for an extended period of time it would become hard and tough which would make it much harder to enjoy. Thus, if a  dream is left to wither or is unused it could shrivel away to something that is no longer useful or capable of being enjoyed. Someone’s aptitude would surely grow stiff and dry up if it was not allowed to be used. This line creates the allusion that if you don’t achieve your dreams they could dry out and leave you feeling unnourished. As the poem progresses the images and comparisons made evoke more emotion from the reader. The poem suggests that if the dream does not dry up it could â€Å"fester like a sore- / And then run.† This creates an image and reminds the reader about the pain that is felt when you are injured. This line means that the dream could become irritating like a fresh sore that you wish would dry up so it can heal, but instead lingers and runs. The uncompleted dreams effects could become frustrating and the external wound would be a constant reminder of the things you have not yet attained. The line â€Å"fester like a sore-† creates a tender image and illustrates the exasperating and slow healing process the body must undergo in order to recover properly. This question alludes that when you don’t accomplish your dreams it can be like a sore that never completely heals and always appears fresh. The damaging effects of not completing your dreams becomes more explicit as the poem progresses. The speaker asks if the dream deferred stinks â€Å"like rotten meat.† It reinforces the previous grotesque question and the idea that if you leave a dream out too long it will eventually begin to fester and rot like meat. The idea that a dream has the potential to become rotten is an interesting concept. The dream could begin to rot in the person’s mind or heart, which would cause them to become sick. This line could also be an indirect reference to the lynching that occurred during the speaker’s era. It could be referring to the rancid smell of the dangling lifeless bodies. This reinforces the idea that the speaker is talking about the struggle of an entire race and how important it is to rise up as a group to accomplish your dreams because if anything is left alone too long it will eventually begin to decay. At this point the poem begins to talk about the lighter, but still negative effects of not completing a dream. The speaker implies that if the dream does not begin to rot it could â€Å"crust and sugar over- / Like a syrupy sweet.† This line compares not accomplishing a dream or goal to a sugary substance. If either  of these is exposed for too long it would begin to form a rigid and stale crust along the surface. This hard crust would make the substance more difficult to use and could make the dream more difficult to achieve. A dream that is hard and separated is much harder to achieve, and this could lead to feelings of depression. These feelings would make the dream appear more complex and create a bigger struggle for the person to obtain their goals. The other image this line depicts is a scab crusting over. Everyone has or will have some sort of injury that will result in a scab sometime in their life. This is a powerful image that connects the reader to the image the speaker is trying to portray. Although a scab is not typically thought of as something sweet it eventually crusts over â€Å"like a syrupy sweet† and becomes solid. Even though these two images are not typically compared, it reinforces the crusty and hard image this line is trying to convey. This question insinuates that you should savor and protect your dreams so they do not become old, sour, and stiff. They should be preserved properly so that they remain obtainable. In the second stanza the speaker proposes the idea that if the dream does not crust over â€Å"Maybe it just sags- / Like a heavy load.† This suggests that not following through with your dreams could weigh you down, which would be another damaging effect. It implies that maybe your dream sags, like when a person is carrying something heavy, causing them to move at a sluggish pace. This unhurried pace could lead to clumsiness, which could cause the load to appear heavier than it really is. The word â€Å"Maybe† reinforces that this line is not a question, but rather a suggestion. This suggestion implies that the dream could become hard to bear due to the mental uncertainty that could lead people to ask â€Å"what if† questions. Asking these questions is often a form of self-sabotage because they can never be answered. The development from line to line becomes more intense and graphic as the poem progresses. The last line asks the reader if none of these previous affects have happened, would the dream just â€Å"explode.† This word creates an image of a bomb that could cause a great deal of destruction. This idea is the most devastating effect of not accomplishing your dream because not many things are salvageable after an explosion and it is usually used as a last resort. This suggests the idea that if a dream is postponed too long it would eventually turn into a bomb. This explosion could potentially cause more damage to the person than if  they had attempted to accomplish the dream and failed, due to the fact that it could never be pieced back together. After a dream has been shattered it is no longer achievable. This line is more powerful than the others because it has a deeper message behind it. I think it is a threat on the level of the whole race. If a dream is deferred too long, then it could explode into violence. If this occurred, it would do an unspeakable amount of damage to the righteous cause and make the whole race appear barbaric. It could also cause an individual or an entire race to lose hope and â€Å"explode† with grief causing them to fall apart and feel helpless. These feelings could make someone feel that suicide is the only escape or might lead them to become more aggressive towards others. These two ideas are by far the most damaging affects that could happen if you don’t strive to accomplish your goals and dreams. This poem is very intricately woven and pieced together. The speaker uses comparisons in every line to reinforce and emphasize the main theme of the poem. The indirect references added to the overall complexity of the poem. Each line highlights and unifies the poem because every line relates back to the detrimental effects of what could happen if a dream is deferred. What happens to a dream deferred?

courts as legislators essays

courts as legislators essays The purpose of this paper is to show that although not originally intended to, some our modern day courts in the United States have in essence become legislators. I will give a brief overview of the history of courts and site some cases where the decisions handed down or the opinions of the court have set precedent in the way the law is understood and enforced. As long as man has been on this earth there have been conflicts or disputes that needed to be resolved by a third party. By definition, a court is a.) a place where legal justice is administered b.) a judicial tribunal duly constituted for the hearing and determination of cases. The recognized existence of even primitive courts implies a relatively high degree of social organization and the need for systematic resolution of disputes based on established customs and rules of conduct. Courts have been set up to hear disputes between two or more parties. In medieval European history a Curiae was a court, or group of persons, who attended to a ruler at any given time for disputes of social, political or judicial purposes were resolved. It's composition and functions varied considerably from time to time and from country to country during a period when executive, legislative and judicial functions were not as distinct as they were later to become. The ruler and the curia made al l policy and decisions either great or small and if the ruler was a powerful one, were as active as a modern day court of law. The curia of England underwent an evolution from the medieval curiae. It was known as Curia Regis, which was introduced at the time of the Norman Conquest (1066) and lasted until the end of the 13th century. The Curia Regis was the start that the higher courts of law, the Privy Council and the Cabinet, evolved from. About the same time, the Curia undertook financial duties. The members were called "justices" and in the king's absence presided over the court. In 1178,...

A Guide to Navigating in Spanish

A Guide to Navigating in Spanish There are few things more frustrating while traveling than getting lost  in a foreign place. Fortunately, if you are traveling in an area where Spanish is one of the languages spoken, this list of phrases and words below can help you quickly get to where you are going. Keep This Vocabulary List on Hand Combine the vocabulary listed below with basic grammar and you will be well on your way to getting the help you need. Even if you are not proficient in Spanish, in most places you travel you will find that people will appreciate your desire to use their language. Print out or write down the phrases below so you can communicate with the people around you during your travels.  Ã‚ ¡Buen viaje! (Have a great trip!) Basic Spanish Travel Phrases Where is...? Where are...? -  ¿Dà ³nde est...?  ¿Dà ³nde estn...?How do you go to...? -  ¿Por dà ³nde se va a...? Or,  ¿Cà ³mo puedo llegar a...?Where are we on the map? -  ¿Dà ³nde estamos aquà ­ en el mapa?Is it far away? Is it near here? -  ¿Est lejos?  ¿Est por aquà ­?Im looking for... - Busco...Im lost. - Estoy perdido (perdida if you are female). Where can I catch a taxi (a bus)? - Latin America:  ¿Dà ³nde puedo tomar un taxi (un autobà ºs)?  Spain:  ¿Dà ³nde puedo coger un taxi (un autobà ºs)? Note that other terms used regionally for bus include bus, colectivo, camià ³n, camioneta, gà ³ndola, guagua, micro, microbà ºs, and pullman. Be careful with the usage of the verb coger in parts of Latin America, because it can have an obscene meaning.Additional ways of travel could be on foot (a pie), by car (en coche), on a motorbike (la moto), by boat (el barco), and by plane (el avià ³n). More Spanish Speaking Terms When Traveling Write it down, please. - Escrà ­balo, por favor.Speak more slowly, please. - Hgame el favor de hablar ms despacio.I dont understand Spanish well. - No entiendo bien el espaà ±ol.Is there anyone who speaks English? -  ¿Hay alguien que hable inglà ©s?North, east, west, south - Norte, este or oriente, oeste or occidente, surKilometer, mile, meter - Kilà ³metro, milla, metroStreet, avenue, highway - Calle, avenida, camino, carrera, or carreteraCity block - Cuadra (Latin America) or manzana (Spain)Street corner - EsquinaAddress - Direccià ³n Two Tips for Conversation While Abroad Get specific. Use key terms for places you are going to in your conversations with others. You may want directions to a shopping mall (el centro comercial), general shops (las tiendas) or the grocery market (el mercado). All three can be summed up as shops, but they vary in the type of shop. If you want to explore tourist attractions, detail if you would like to see an art gallery (la galerà ­a de arte), a park (el parque), or a historic center (el casco antiguo).Be friendly. There is nothing that delights locals more than when tourists are courteous and ask for help with a smile. Include basic greetings along with your phrases such as hello (hola or buenas), how are you doing? ( ¿quà © tal?) and good day (good morning is ​buenos dà ­as,  good  afternoon  is buenas tardes, and good evening is buenas noches). Youll score extra points if you adopt to local variations, such as buen dà ­a used in some countries rather than the more common buenos dà ­as. Using Addresses You should be aware the structure of street addresses can vary widely from country to country. Consult a thorough tourist guide before you travel to become familiar with local practices. In many cases, understanding addresses will be easier than it might seem at first. For example, one of the most popular museums in Bogot, Colombia, is el Museo del Oro (Gold Museum) at Cra. 6 #15-88, which initially might seem like a jumble of characters. But Cra. 6 indicates that is on Carerra 6, which we might call 6th Avenue in English. The 15 is the street name (Calle 15), and the 88 indicates the distance from the intersection of that avenue and street. Unfortunately for the traveler, easy-to-understand addressing conventions arent used everywhere, and not all streets are named. In Costa Rica, for example, you may run across addresses such as 200 metros al oeste de la escuela Fernndez, indicating a location 200 meters west of the Fernandez school.

Marketing strategy and planning coursework Essay

Marketing strategy and planning coursework - Essay Example Barclaycard has been a success story of a creative media campaign saustained by a system of persistent vaslue creation. Branding is a strategic approach adopted by organizations to create favorable perceptions about products among consumers. Barclaycard too adopted such an approach with a series of products including its debit card and the credit card. However its subsequent success with the credit card came with the innovative brand value creating efforts of t of brand value management. Some hitherto unheard of concepts were adopted by its management in order to innovate, reorient, strategically position and redefine its then existing strategic branding techniques. An articulate strategy of brand value creation along with a customer loyalty management approach was adopted in response to competitors’ threat to its core business. It was around this time that the management of the company realized the relative significance of a strategic shift in its brand management and value creation approaches. Coupled with a mammoth advertising campaign, the company sought convincingly to introduce innovation, value for money and an individual value parmeter as the new dynamic concepts in a customer-oriented promotion campaign.

The Life of a Woman Found Guilty of a Crime under Sharia Law Research Paper

The Life of a Woman Found Guilty of a Crime under Sharia Law - Research Paper Example Islamic nations embracing the Islamic law dictate the conduct of women in the society. The law, primarily, prohibits sexual activity outside of marriage. In most cases, women usually face difficulties in defending themselves against this law. According to the provision of the law, the public has a jurisdiction of monitoring the conduct of women. This condition deprives women of making free choices over what kind of men they should marry. The case of Malaysian woman Siti Zan Binti Kamarudin against Public Prosecutor, held in 1979 for example, found the woman guilty without subjecting the man who impregnated the woman guilty. In essence, while the law intended to protect the society from moral decadence, it failed to handle male counterparts who contributed an equal amount to moral decay. In the sentence remark, the judge of the case indicated, the Siti had the right to sex; however, her parents had to take an active role in getting a man for their daughter. In Nigeria, Amina Lawalâ₠¬â„¢s sentence did not only attract international condemnation but also challenged the liberty law promoted globally. Although Amina was guilty of Zina as proved in the courts, the death sentence through stoning was cruel than the crime she had committed. Ironically, men in the same saga did not have a case to answer. In most cases of women convicted by the law, the evidence adduced in the case by the prosecutor usually show that women had an extra material affair because they have given birth to children.... Although Amina was guilty of Zina as proved in the courts, the death sentence through stoning was cruel than the crime she had committed. Ironically, men in the same saga did not have a case to answer. In most cases of women convicted by the law, the evidence adduced in the case by the prosecutor usually show that women had an extra material affair because they have given birth to children. This attribute makes the law selective. The provision in the law may subject women to sentence such as receiving strokes along side a jail term depending on the gravity of the case. Largely, the sexual desire that women harbor is not under their control but under the desire of men. It is the will of the man to choose when to have sex. In this sense, women act as minors who seek the guidance of a man in the society. The Sheria law prohibits a woman from entering into a relationship with non-Muslims. For instance, the case of Sakina binti Husain v Public prosecutor of Malaysia found Sakina guilt aft er she argued in the court that she had been cohabiting with a non-Muslim (Otto, 2011). Reading the convicting statement, the judge noted that Sakina had walked out of the precepts of the law by engaging in a relationship with a man who did not belong to his faith. Women convicted under Sheria law face public humiliation because the provisions of the law demand that the execution of the sentence has to occur in public domain. Women suffer psychologically under the Sharia law. It is traumatizing to think of the atrocities committed to women without choice. Largely, human values do not apply in countries that administer Sharia law. Women testimony does not fully count as that of a man in

Elie Wiesel,Night (1958) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Elie Wiesel,Night (1958) - Essay Example Religiously he tends to ask God why all these diversities befell him. Mentally, Ellie watched his father die and was separated from all the female members of his family. Upon looking at the mirror, Elie’s eyes revealed a person that was transformed into a broken person. From his inception at the camp he was a young, religious and loving boy, but when he left the camp he was totally broken. It is from this point that his view on the world had changed completely. In order to have an insight of how Elie’s views of the world changed, two significant aspects will be looked at, that is, religion and mental/emotional aspects. To start with Elie states that: â€Å"Never shall I forget the moments that murdered both my God and soul and turned all my dreams to dust (p.32).† This description of Elie regarding his religion is as a result of the difficulties he and the Jews faced in the camp. Elie’s faith undergoes a crisis because of how he watched his own father and others undergo a torturers death as well as the deplorable living conditions he was subjected to. It is at this point that Elie underwent a major change as he tried to reconcile all the difficulties he and others were facing together with the beliefs he had been taught about God. He does not deny God, but he chooses not to remain silence regarding why God left all these difficulties face them. Elie thus changes his perception that God is merciful and just and he comes to a conclusion that he will not just sit there and wait for his death. From the beginning of his experience, Elie was a religious person, but in this new world all the aspects and teaching of religion became meaningless for he had lost his faith. With regards to mental/emotional aspect, Elie also tends to change his view of the world considerably. He thought of the things that he would never do and the circumstances that have made him to be repulsive in this context. For instance, Elie states: â€Å"I gave him some of my

Theories of psychological research

Theories of psychological research Humans are expected to deal with an immense amount of information whilst dealing with everyday complex tasks such as driving at high speeds in variable weather conditions and road conditions. Yet, research has shown that there is a limit to what humans can handle. It is well documented that human error on the road causes minor injury to fatal accidents and even damage. Treat et al (1977) calculated that human error is a major contributing factor in 90% of accidents and was also the only factor in 57% of accidents. This essay will consider two theories of psychological research on human memory. Attention and perception that can be used to assist understanding of the cause of human error on the roads. It will provide an overview of these two theories and the limitations in human information processing that contributes to accidents. It will also consider human error and how the research mentioned can be applied to minimise driver errors on the roads. It will conclude with a number of possibilities considered to reduce human error. Several studies noted that capacity of humans to process information is limited in capacity. Green(1991)research confirms that the flow of information whilst undertaking everyday tasks as driving is complex with the driver handling various information at the same time such as auditory and visual input vehicles, pedestrians, road signs, weather conditions. There is a continuous demand on the drivers memory who is also handling other auditory information such as talking to other passengers, listening to music, and recalling or recognising directions. Information processing theory is used to explain the importance of attention. Several studies show that accidents occur when the driver was focussed on something else. Several studies reveal that the driver can carry put all of the above tasks if visual and auditory input is low. However, if there is an increase in demand for attention when there is poor visibility or the driver is driving very fast, or driver is affected by fatigue or alcohol then attentional capacity is reduced. This limitation in capacity relates to bottleneck theories which suggests information enters the awareness one at a time whilst the information capacity theories propose information is processed through various channels, but each channel has a limited capacity. The driver does not have the capacity for inputs; they can only pay attention to certain number of information. Broadbent(1958),Treisman(1960) and Deutsch Deutsch(1963) put forward the theories of selective attention that remains influential, despite current theories focus on capacity theory, and the decay of information explained by Baddeley Hitch(1974). Broadbent Filter Model theory is based on Atkinson and Shiffrin multi-store memory model (1968) that explains memory processes and sequences stages; sensory, short-term and long term memory. The research confirms that the driver processes two types of stimulus. According to Broadbent the input comes through the filter and the other stimuli are held in a bottleneck for processing later. Baddeley Hitch (1974) working memory not only has limited capacity but also information decays, this gives limitation in regards to new information being held. There is some difficulty with Filter model Theory of attention. Cherry (1953) cocktail party effect experiment confirms the subject focuses attention on interesting stimuli whilst ignoring other stimulus. Again, Treisman (1960) proposed that if stimulus has meaning it can be processed, whilst Deutsch and Deutsch (1963) proposed that if stimulus needs to be responded to it can be selected later. The conclusion to be drawn from this, is that driver capacity to interact safely on the road is reduced and the possibility of human error increases because of the demands placed on attention. With such complex tasks as driving, information would not be retained or recalled, and as the capacity for inputs are limited the driver can only pay attention to certain pieces of information, so information which could be important could slip from memory. The issue remains of how to get drivers to focus their attention fully on the road. Human perception is another research area that can be applied to human error on the roads. Human perception is based on context and expectations the bottom up and top down approach. Several studies reveal that perceptual error jeopardise road safety. For example drivers often admit to not seeing visible information such as pedestrians crossing the road. In addition drivers misinterpret information such as speed or closeness to other vehicles. or drivers misread the speed or the closeness of other vehicles. Mack Rock (1992) researched visual perception of unexpected shapes whilst looking at it directly. This phenomenon is called inattentional blindness or perceptual blindness. This phenomenon occurs when subjects do not see visible objects in front of them. This can be for reasons such as overload of information or their attention is focussed on something else that has meaning, or no internal reference to the visible object. Simons, Chabris (2004) experiment on perception resulted in showing how subjects did not see an incident happening in front of them. This experiment involved participants playing basketball game and missing an unexpected appearance of someone dressed up in a white gorilla suit walk onto the ball court during the game. Subjects did not recall seeing the white gorilla. Scholl et al (2003) research also suggests that auditory input such as talking on mobile telephone can increase the opportunity of a subject failing to notice the unexpected and leading to increased human errors. This research on perception has implications for road safety, as drivers often report they did not see the pedestrian or car in front. The driver focus on what they expect to see top down processing rather than on the unexpected objects. This results in the likelihood of important and unexpected objects being missed. Neisser (1976) suggests that is not either or for humans. Perception involves both top down and bottom up processing becoming a perceptual cycle. Reason (1991) extensive research on human error defines error as circumstances in which planned action fail to achieve the desired outcome. Examples of this are stepping on the brakes too late and failing to stop at red traffic lights. Norman Shallice(1986) and Reason(1991)theory could be used to explain human error in driving tasks and knowledge. Norman and Shallice propose two types of control controlled control and automatic control. Controlled control being within awareness, but conscious and limited and automatic control out of awareness, creates automacity in tasks already rehearsed over a long period of time. This become out of awareness and is performed without effort like driving. Reason (1991) also suggests that there are 3 types of cognitive processes that cause errors. Skills based error or slips these consist of automatic action that was unconscious Rules based mistakes these consist of non-appliance of a heuristic to undertake a task Knowledge based conscious thought to solve a problem Finally Reason (2000) Swiss Cheese Model of human error can assist in understanding how road accident occurs. All slices of the cheese model have gaps which have to be aligned for an accident to occur. Thus a combination of factors can cause human error. To reduce the chance of accident road experts could use Reason model to identify the factors that contribute reducing unsafe acts such as talking on mobiles whilst driving, visible multiple cues, signals, colour coding, speed limits and road examinations are some of the examples observed to reduce road fatalities. Conclusion This essay has attempted to briefly explain the psychological research on memory that could be applied to the road. It concludes that this research on attention and perception can help to understand the cause of human errors on the road. However, memory research is still laboratory based, and opens to criticism regarding ecological validity. In deed human error is inevitable and getting humans to adapt their behaviour may prove challenging. References Treat,J,R, Tumbus,N,S,McDonald,S,T,Shinar,D,Hume,R,D,Mayer,R,E,Stanisfer,R,L and Castellan,N,J(1977) Tri-level study of the cause of traffic accidents report No.DOT-HS-034-3-535-7777(TAC) Green, M (1991) Visual Search, Visual streams and Visual architectures. Perception and Psychophysics, 50,388-403 Cherry, C (1958) some experiments in the recognition of speech with one and two ears, Journal of acoustical society of America, 25,975-979 Broadbent, D (1958) Perception and Communication London/New York, Pergamon Press Atkinson,R and Shiffrin,R(1968) Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes, In K,W Spence and J,T Spence(Eds) The psychology of learning motivation (vol2) London Academic press Baddeley,A Hitch,G (1974)Working memory in G Bower(Ed) The psychology of learning motivation(vol 8)pp.47-90 San Diego, Academic Press Treisman, A (1960) Contextual cues in selective listening. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 12,242-248 Mack, A Rock, I (199 ) Inattentional Blindness Cambridge,MA,MIT Press Scholl,B Noles,N,Pashera,V,Sussman,R(2003) Talking on cellular phone dramatically increases sustained Inattentional blindness[abstract]Journal of vision,3(9):156,156a Simons,D Chabris,C(1999) Gorillas in our Midst: Sustained Inattentional blindness for dynamic events.Perception,28,1059-1071 Reason,J(2000) Human Error, Models and management, British Medical Journal,320 768-770 Norman,D,A,Shallice,T(1986) Attention to Action: Willed and automatic control of behaviour in R.J. Davidson,G.E Schwartz and D.Shapiro(Ed)The design of everyday living, New York, Doubleday Neisser(1976)Cognition and Reality San Francisco,CA,W.H Freeman

Catcher and the Rye :: essays research papers

Outline Thesis statement:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The relationship Holden and Blanche have between family and people in society leads them to an inner turmoil, which eventually results in their psychological breakdowns. I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Family A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Positive relationships in The Catcher in the Rye. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Phoebe is the only person who Holden needs 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Holden is proud of D.B’s accomplishments 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Holden truly admires the personality Allie had a.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"He was two years younger than I was, but he was about fifty more times intelligent† (38). B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Positive relationships in A Streetcar Named Desire. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stella and Blanche are very close, telling each other everything 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stella takes Blanche in when she has nowhere else to stay 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Blanche wants Stella to escape from Stanley a.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Animal habits! Eats like one, moves like one, talks like one!†(72) C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Negative relationships in The Catcher in the Rye. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Holden gets angry when his family/siblings do something he does not like 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Holden does not get along with his parents a.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Daddy’ll kill you†(166) 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Holden thinks D.B has turned into a phony D.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Negative relationships in A Streetcar Named Desire. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Blanche flirts with Stella’s husband, Stanley 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Blanche makes fun of Stella’s lifestyle II.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Society A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Role in society in The Catcher in the Rye. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Holden despises when people refer to him as a minor. a.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The waiter came up†¦ a Scotch and a soda for myself, but the sonuvabitch wouldn’t bring me one, so I had a Coke, too† 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Holden does not have and direction in his life Zago 2 B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Role in society in A Streetcar Named Desire. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Blanche has no job 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Blanche tries to live off of others a.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"I have always had a strong dependence on the kindness of strangers† (142). 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Blanche had no direction in her life C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Relationships with peers in The Catcher in the Rye. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Holden is infatuated with Jane a.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"She said I was wild and that I had no direction in life† (59). 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Holden views everyone as â€Å"phonies† 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Holden always gets into fights and arguments with his roommates a.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"About all I know is, I sort of miss everybody I told about. Even old Stradlater and Ackley, for instance† (214) D.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Relationships with peers in A Streetcar Named Desire. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Blanche plays with Mitch’s mind 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Blanche lies about how old she is a.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Stella is my precious little sister. I call her little in spite of the fact she’s somewhat older then I† (55) III.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Inner-selves   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. Alcohol problems in The Catcher in the Rye.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. Holden drinks when he is upset which increases his depression   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. Holden has hallucinations of pain when he drinks too much a.) â€Å"When I was really drunk, I started that stupid business with the bullet in my guts† (150)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3. Holden is able to admit he has a drinking problem B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alcohol problems in A Streetcar Named Desire.

Describing Places †Seoul Essay

Being the capital of Korea since the 14th century, Seoul (ì„Å"ìš ¸) is one of the most popular tourist destinations located in the west of its country. Packed with countless sights and places to visit, ranging from royal palaces to trendy shopping centre, Seoul is a city with so much to offer that tourists might not know where to begin. The streets of Seoul are always jammed with people as there are endless varieties of restaurants, cafes, shopping centres, discos available at any time of day. Bright neon lights and catchy songs coming out from nightclubs attract young people and there are plenty of karaoke bar where one can have a great time singing and dancing. The mayor tourist attractions of Seoul are â€Å"Seoul Tower† (ë‚ ¨Ã¬â€š °Ã­Æ'€ì›Å') and â€Å"63 Building† (ìÅ" ¡Ã¬â€š ¼Ã« ¹Å'ë” ©). The 236.7m Seoul Tower sits atop Namsan Mountain, offering a breathtaking panoramic view of the city and the surrounding areas. It is so stunning that many visitors consider Seoul Tower the best tower in Asia. As far 63 building, it is said to be one of the tallest buildings in the world. It is a skyscraper situated on Yeouldo (ìâ€" ¬Ã¬ ËœÃ« â€ž), overlooking the Han river (í•Å"ê °â€¢). 63 represents the number of floors it has and it mainly comprises financial offices, entertainment attractions, observatory, restaurants which cater for all ages, the wax museum, a trendy shipping mall packed with brand shops, and a huge aquarium with all kinds of fish. Seoul provides entertainment and an unforgettably unique experience. Unless you witness it for yourself, you will never know the excitement it brings you, try Seoul.

Comapring Porters 5 Forces for the Airline Industry Essay

1. Score each competitive force in the airline industry and provide a brief rationale for your assessment. Â ·Rivalry Among Existing Firms: (High) When one major company in an industry makes a change in costs or services that could potentially increase their clientele, a major competitor almost always follows suit. Price matching is a prime example of that, therefore the threat is high. West Jet is one company that offers flights at a discount and forced Air Canada to create new banners to compete with the discounted prices. All major companies and firms in an industry watch each other’s every move very carefully, and match any move with a countermove. During slow season in the airline industry, a firm can only grow by taking some of another competitor’s market share and customers. When someone has to book a flight, they have to book a flight. Most people these days use the internet to book flights and compare services and prices from rival firms with relative ease. Accessibility and price are the key factors in driving rivalries. The deregulation of the Canadian airline industry in 1984 created a very intense rivalry between two of the biggest airline companies in Canada; namely, Canadian Airlines and Air Canada. Canadian Airlines built its strength in the industry by making a few key acquisitions of companies in Western Canada. Air Canada recently became a publicly traded corporate entity, building capital through public offering. When these two powerhouse companies created a difficult situation, such as the offering of less expensive options and discount flights, they both lost revenue and nearly crippled them financially. Â ·Relative Power of Other Stakeholders: (High) Other stakeholders such as governments have a relatively large amount of power over most national airlines in Canada, because they are partially owned by them. Taxes on flights out of Pearson International Airport are some of the highest in the world and these taxes are regulated by the government. Taxes, policies and regulations are some reasons why the government has power in this industry. They can limit the entry to the industry within the region by restricting access to important things, like raw materials and licensing requirements. In Canada the government has foreign ownership limits in almost all transportation services, and the government always has and always will regulate the airline industry. The Canadian government has used its power in the past by protecting local companies in the industry, such as Air Canada, from companies based in other countries attempting to acquire them. Other regional stakeholders, in particular those in the tourism industry, have some indirect power over the airlines by creating and perpetuating the demand for flights. An example of this is when a tourism organization advertises international destinations and attractions. Marketing initiatives of those organizations are meant to whet the appetite of the consumer, thus increasing the demand for flights to those destinations and, accordingly, the airline industry is then obliged to increase the supply for flights. Â ·Threat of Substitutes: (Medium) In almost every industry the threat of substitutes are apparent. Marketing and R & D are a huge part in minimizing a company’s threat of substitutes. The more the public sees, hears or reads about your company the better. The threat of substitution in the airline industry is inevitable. Substitute products have the potential of creating a strong competitive force when they enhance the value for the customers, especially in the airline industry. Also, substitutes improve the price-performances of each firm within the industry. When booking a flight to a destination close in proximity, people often compare their options. For example, the cost of a return flight to Newark, New Jersey from Toronto may exceed $ 1,500 per person; the same trip via automobile would cost less than $500 for all occupants of the vehicle combined; the trip by train would cost roughly $230; and, by bus the cost would be $125. Therefore, the threat of substitution is a significant factor in the airline industry. However, if a customer has to travel very quickly or a significant distance, that person would most likely choose the flight option instead of a cheaper alternative. Â ·Bargaining Power of Buyers/Distributors: (Medium) Bargaining power is a tricky one because it can work both ways. Buyers have a certain level of power in any industry. A buyer may switch suppliers very easily if there are no penalties and it is cost effective for them. If a large firm makes a large purchase of goods from another firm, it may be mutually beneficial and if serviced well, have the potential for repeat business. However, the buyer then has the power to use a substitute or competitor which would negatively affect the seller. Buyers are always the more powerful of the two because some buyers have the ability to put pressure on lower costs from suppliers, while demanding an increase of the quality of products or services provided to them. Also, the bargaining power in industries with high fixed costs like the airline industry can play a big factor. On the other hand, things like jet engines, tires and other key safety devices on aircrafts can cause severe consequences if this equipment malfunctions. For that reason, the buyer has a reduced amount of bargaining power with suppliers in this industry. The bargaining power of buyers is both high and low, so I ranked it medium. Â ·Bargaining Power of Suppliers: (Medium) Suppliers or sellers do not have a vast amount of power in the Canadian airline industry. Aircraft manufacturing is a highly specialized industry with a limited customer base. If a supplier raises costs or their quality decreases, they have the potential to lose a customer, which may be extremely difficult to replace that lost revenue in such a specialized industry. Compare the market for aircrafts with the market for automobiles: Aircrafts are unique and there are just over 18,000 commercial aircrafts traveling the skies; when the number of automobiles just breached the 1 billion mark a few years ago. Compared to the suppliers in the auto industry who have an increased amount of power, the suppliers in the airline industry don’t have nearly as much. Buyers have only a minimal amount of options in this industry, therefore sellers or suppliers can be more demanding in regards to their prices, scheduling and other key components of the industry. This force is both high and low a s well. Â ·Threat of New Entrants: (Low) The threat of new entrants is low because there is already a large amount of competition on a very big scale. Air Canada is a prime example of an airline company that offers flights and services on a globalized level, which would be hard to match without massive capital. A second reason I believe the threat is low is because of the high cost of breaking into this market, the airline industry is one of the most expensive industries to get into. For example, Boeing’s cheapest commercial aircraft is just less than $80 million costing upwards of $350 million. The aforementioned economic threats and entry barriers are far greater than most potential market entrants would want. The brand name factor is a big one here too, as a consumers selection process has much to do with brand recognition and pricing. Society gets comfortable and used to boarding certain airlines and receiving what they have to offer such as good customer service. The security, health and safety aspect of the industry are very difficult to observe and maintain, as those fields of the industry are subject to harsh regulations which can be tough for a new entrant in this industry to maintain and comply with. 2. Which of these forces are changing? How will this affect the overall level of competitive intensity in the airline industry in the future? Would you invest or look for a job in this industry? What do recent financial results of Canadian airlines indicate about the attractiveness of this industry? Industry evolution is a never ending process, especially in the airline industry. The power of other stakeholders will change in years to come because of the industry growth expected in the next decade and a half. The number of aircrafts is expected to double by the year 2025, which is great evidence that all forces will evolve and change with the business. With the expected growth in the Canadian airline industry all of these forces are due to change and as the industry grows, so does the threat of new entrants as more corporations and firms will see the success of the current ones in the industry and want to break into the industry. With enough capital and a great group or process of st rategic planning and environmental scanning the threat of new entrants grows. The rivalries will become more intense with the globalization of corporations. The high exit barriers will be a big factor for larger corporations as the smaller organizations will have extremely difficult decisions to make on whether or not to opt out of the industry. The threat of acquisitions and company takeovers will increase and larger firms with more capital will have an advantage here, while the smaller firms will stay small without achieving great levels of success through analyzing and strategic planning. Therefore, the competition and rivalry will increase immensely between both successful and less successful firms. The struggle for bargaining power between purchasers and suppliers in this industry will likely continue, with that power shifting back and forth due to various market conditions. Factors such as the cost and supply of fuel, the availability and quality of supplies, ever-changing government regulations and fluctuating consumer demand can cause variances in the flow of bargaining power. Other stakeholders such as unions, the government, creditors, shareholders and other key groups involved with the industry, can change and play a big factor in the near and extended future. Power of the government will increase exponentially, creating higher taxes, greater measures of safety, security and regulations, as the industry adapts and evolves. The level of intensity will grow rapidly and the rivalries will always be there, but they will be different with each rival. The competitiveness will intensify greatly in the future, because of the expected boom in the industry. More flights mean more aircrafts, employees, security and security measures, prices and innovative thinking. Some firms have been known to scout some of their future and current associates and team members, hence the rivalry among experienced employees in the industry. Another reason the intensity will grow, is because the internet is being used more, and more often by customers booking flights, future employe es seeking new positions and marketing techniques. The hyper competition of the industry will affect the intensity and moving forward, new strategic tools will need to be used to keep up. The key success factors such as, booking accessibility, diverse classes of service offerings and aircraft type and seating space, will create loyalty and repeat customers. This will intensify the industry as it expands in the future in a very positive way. Also, successful financial management of each corporation may enable airlines to increase their influence and power. The high fixed costs of the industry, force corporations to offer cheaper standby fares when a flight has not reached its capacity. The flight still needs to get to its destination, so cheaper flights are offered just to fill the seats in this case. This will always create an intense rivalry. I would invest in this industry because I believe the overall growth of airlines and aircrafts in Canada and globally will be tremendous. A company like Bombardier would be a great one to invest in. They have been expanding rapidly by acquiring top firms and companies in the industry with the goal of being the market leaders in all aspects. There are 18,000 commercial aircrafts traveling the skies and that number should double within the next 12 years. In addition with the price of purchasing aircrafts rising and the need for them in the near future, moreover, companies outside of Canada in the aircraft manufacturing industry such as Boeing and Air Ambulance would be successful ones to invest in. With the projected heights of the industry, it would be an intelligent idea to invest in what the general public rated the top airline company in North America, Air Canada, because, the larger they become the greater their revenues increase. Air Canada is involved in all transportation categories of the industry, such as internationally, nationally, regionally and the transportation of cargo for other corporations. As the global population increases at an extremely intense rate, additional customers will be using their services and in turn expanding a business’s potential. The more firms in the airline industry grow, the more flights and services will be offered. This means better rates because of the increase in airports, flight times and options, accessibility and many other aspects. WestJet is currently looking at purchasing 40 new aircrafts, with the top two competitors being Italian based company ATR Aircrafts and Bombardier. Bombardier will be leaning heavily on the fact that they are a Canadian based manufacturer with the hope of winning this extremely lucrative and positive contract. Economically, this may have a large affirmative influence on the Canadian industry, another key factor in why I would invest in the Canadian airline industry. After reviewing the financial results of some airline companies in Canada, I found that the net earnings have been rising for the past 2-5 years on a consistent and large scale. The revenue and available seat miles (ASM), are increasing quite rapidly, however, the costs of aircrafts, other specialized equipment and fuel are increasing almost as rapidly. A statement made by Gregg Saretsky, President and CEO of WestJet, contained in the company’s recent financial statements outlined that profitable growth continues as they expand their reach. I interpret this as a very positive message from an important stakeholder in the Canadian industry. It means that as the company expands more and more, so do the profits, brand name and other large factors in any successful business in the second largest country in the world. This is a very attractive industry to get involved with because of the growth potential. Expert analyst and great strategist have predicted the airline industry to be one of the top grossing and earning industries in the world. There are over 230 different airline companies in Canada with less than ten dominating forces in the industry. The larger the company, the larger the profit, so the attractiveness is more appealing with larger companies or firms. Porter Airlines is a small company that launched in 2006, however, the first year they recorded financial gain was 2011. This company has been steadily expanding since they set to the air. The founders of Porter airlines spent five years building their business plan. With the precise and meticulous environmental scanning and strategic planning, they have grown their company in a great way, with greater expectations in the future. The most unattractive aspect of this industry is the cost of fuel and according to the Air Transportation Association (ATA) is an airline’s second largest expense. According to the financial report of Air Canada, they spent $723 million on fuel in 2011, an increase of about 27% from the previous year. Right now, jet fuel consumption is exceeding 6 million barrels daily and with that number increasing in the future, demands will increase even more then they are now, driving the cost of this essential commodity in the industry. Air Canada’s operating income in 2011 was more than $50 million down from the year prior. They reported a decrease in net loss of just less than $250 million. The cause of their loss was from foreign exchange and internal investigation. Another unattractive aspect is that globally, the level of carbon dioxide and other emissions is expected to rise 50% by the year 2050. Aircrafts emissions contribute to climate change three times as fast as they do from cars, which is extremely harmful to the environment. Most companies in the industry are putting enormous focus on their environmental scanning, trying to find options to decrease and minimize this major factor. Overall, the financial results suggest that the Canadian airline industry will continue to grow on exponential levels in the future and will be extremely beneficial for the Canadian economy in many ways.